There is an introduction to the nature of the “Hubble tension” in the first part of this article, which covers measurements based on the distance ladder (see https://physbang.com/2026/07/28/hubble-tension-part-1-the-distance-ladder/). This article looks at how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) can be used to calculate the expansion of the Universe – and therefore the Hubble constant. But … Continue reading Hubble Tension Part 2: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
Hubble Tension Part 1: The Distance Ladder
The term “Hubble tension” refers to discrepancies in the value of the Hubble constant, which in turn indicates the rate of expansion of the Universe. In particular, the “tension” arises because two different techniques for calculating the constant give significantly different values. For a brief introduction to the Hubble constant, see https://physbang.com/2026/04/26/red-shift-and-the-age-of-the-universe/ or NASA’s summary … Continue reading Hubble Tension Part 1: The Distance Ladder
At what rate is the Universe expanding?
When Edwin Hubble first used data to determine whether “nebulae” were part of our own galaxy, he found they were in fact moving away from the Milky Way at a rate proportional to their observed distance. The most distant of these objects (now known to be galaxies) were receding at the greatest speed. This in … Continue reading At what rate is the Universe expanding?
Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
Stars can be characterised by their absorption lines, which reveal their temperature and composition. There is more detail about this in two recent posts about the HR diagram and stellar classification. A similar approach can also be used to characterise entire galaxies but in this case the aim is to determine how quickly they are … Continue reading Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
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