When Edwin Hubble first used data to determine whether “nebulae” were part of our own galaxy, he found they were in fact moving away from the Milky Way at a rate proportional to their observed distance. The most distant of these objects (now known to be galaxies) were receding at the greatest speed. This in … Continue reading At what rate is the Universe expanding?
Ray Diagram for a Telescope in Normal Adjustment
There is a summary of the key characteristics of astronomical telescopes in a previous post, at https://physbang.com/2026/03/15/a-level-guide-to-astronomical-telescopes/. This article builds on that general overview by explaining a specific skill; how to draw a ray diagram for a refracting telescope in normal adjustment. First, what is "normal adjustment"? It is when the objective and eyepiece lenses … Continue reading Ray Diagram for a Telescope in Normal Adjustment
Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
Stars can be characterised by their absorption lines, which reveal their temperature and composition. There is more detail about this in two recent posts about the HR diagram and stellar classification. A similar approach can also be used to characterise entire galaxies but in this case the aim is to determine how quickly they are … Continue reading Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
The formation, life and death of stars
All stars are born through the same basic mechanism but their evolution depends on their size. In particular, all stars go through a hydrogen-fuel stage but the time spent fusing hydrogen is determined by the star's initial mass. The final fate of a star is also predicted by its mass; some stars will simply fade … Continue reading The formation, life and death of stars
Classification of Stars
The obvious way to classify stars is by their appearance; how bright they are and their colour. In both cases, we are referring to properties judged using the human eye from the location of planet Earth. Sadly, our eyes are not a good judge of colour (equal amounts of red and green light are perceived … Continue reading Classification of Stars
A-level guide to astronomical telescopes
The first section of the Astrophysics module for AQA A-level Physics is all about telescopes. This post is a brief summary of that section’s key learning points. Telescopes aren’t used simply to make astronomical objects “bigger” or to get a “closer” view. It is true that nearby objects, such as our moon and other bodies … Continue reading A-level guide to astronomical telescopes
Kepler: Greater than Copernicus
Copernicus is generally credited with having first described the “true” arrangement of the solar system at a time when Science was being reborn after the Dark Ages. So revolutionary was his book De Revolutionibus that he withheld it for more than 10 years before finally publishing a small number of copies in 1543. As he … Continue reading Kepler: Greater than Copernicus
Mammoth effort to image our galaxy in infra-red
Astronomers working on the European Southern Observatory's (ESO's) Visible and Infra-Red Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) have today published the biggest ever dataset of infra-red images of the Milky Way. A few of the images captured by the ESO VISTA project. Full details about this composite can be found at https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2413a/ Importantly, capturing images using infra-red … Continue reading Mammoth effort to image our galaxy in infra-red
What causes aurorae?
As the nights draw in and skies get darker we approach the time of year when aurorae become easier to observe, especially at times (like now) of high sunspot activity. But the link between aurorae and events happening on the surface of the Sun is not immediately obvious and was initially deduced only indirectly. Subject … Continue reading What causes aurorae?
The coldest exoplanet ever seen
Most exoplanets (planets that are outside the Solar System) are detected indirectly. Either a temporary and regular dimming is measured as they pass in front of the host star or their orbit causes a wobble that produces a periodic red-shift in the star's spectrum. Only a small number of planets have then gone on to … Continue reading The coldest exoplanet ever seen
Mr Tarrant's physbang 'blog 