Next Wednesday, 12th August 2026, a full solar eclipse will be visible from Iceland and Greenland in the north, together with Spain and the very north-eastern tip of Portugal in the south. In Jersey, the eclipse will cover more than 90 percent of the Sun’s surface at around 7:15pm. Weather permitting, it should be quite … Continue reading Solar Eclipse, 12th August 2026
Hubble Tension Part 2: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
There is an introduction to the nature of the “Hubble tension” in the first part of this article, which covers measurements based on the distance ladder (see https://physbang.com/2026/07/28/hubble-tension-part-1-the-distance-ladder/). This article looks at how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) can be used to calculate the expansion of the Universe – and therefore the Hubble constant. But … Continue reading Hubble Tension Part 2: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
Hubble Tension Part 1: The Distance Ladder
The term “Hubble tension” refers to discrepancies in the value of the Hubble constant, which in turn indicates the rate of expansion of the Universe. In particular, the “tension” arises because two different techniques for calculating the constant give significantly different values. For a brief introduction to the Hubble constant, see https://physbang.com/2026/04/26/red-shift-and-the-age-of-the-universe/ or NASA’s summary … Continue reading Hubble Tension Part 1: The Distance Ladder
Answers to some of physics’ biggest mysteries
Exam season is over so this seems like a good time to admit that physicists don’t know all the answers – and don’t even always agree on which of the available answers is best. The two biggest areas of disagreement are cosmology and quantum mechanics. For example; What do we mean by the “Big Bang”? … Continue reading Answers to some of physics’ biggest mysteries
At what rate is the Universe expanding?
When Edwin Hubble first used data to determine whether “nebulae” were part of our own galaxy, he found they were in fact moving away from the Milky Way at a rate proportional to their observed distance. The most distant of these objects (now known to be galaxies) were receding at the greatest speed. This in … Continue reading At what rate is the Universe expanding?
Ray Diagram for a Telescope in Normal Adjustment
There is a summary of the key characteristics of astronomical telescopes in a previous post, at https://physbang.com/2026/03/15/a-level-guide-to-astronomical-telescopes/. This article builds on that general overview by explaining a specific skill; how to draw a ray diagram for a refracting telescope in normal adjustment. First, what is "normal adjustment"? It is when the objective and eyepiece lenses … Continue reading Ray Diagram for a Telescope in Normal Adjustment
Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
Stars can be characterised by their absorption lines, which reveal their temperature and composition. There is more detail about this in two recent posts about the HR diagram and stellar classification. A similar approach can also be used to characterise entire galaxies but in this case the aim is to determine how quickly they are … Continue reading Red-Shift and the Age of the Universe
The formation, life and death of stars
All stars are born through the same basic mechanism but their evolution depends on their size. In particular, all stars go through a hydrogen-fuel stage but the time spent fusing hydrogen is determined by the star's initial mass. The final fate of a star is also predicted by its mass; some stars will simply fade … Continue reading The formation, life and death of stars
Classification of Stars
The obvious way to classify stars is by their appearance; how bright they are and their colour. In both cases, we are referring to properties judged using the human eye from the location of planet Earth. Sadly, our eyes are not a good judge of colour (equal amounts of red and green light are perceived … Continue reading Classification of Stars
A-level guide to astronomical telescopes
The first section of the Astrophysics module for AQA A-level Physics is all about telescopes. This post is a brief summary of that section’s key learning points. Telescopes aren’t used simply to make astronomical objects “bigger” or to get a “closer” view. It is true that nearby objects, such as our moon and other bodies … Continue reading A-level guide to astronomical telescopes
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